1.1 General Population
Prevalences within the author's selected populations are
listed. Those that are assigned randomly selected ("unselected") with numbers
more than 500 may be regarded as representative of the "general population".
Inclusion criteria may involve circumstances not related to atopic predisposition
according to current knowledge.
| Country / Subjects | Sensitivity / Allergy to | References |
| Australia, Melbourne
620 unselected children (age of <2 years) |
cow's milk 2.0% | Hill et al. 1997, 1999 |
| Brazil, Campinas
114 newborns at term |
cow's milk 1.8% (prospective follow-up) | Lopez et al. 1999 |
| Canada
3000 unselected children (private practice) |
cow's milk 0.3% (case history) | Collins-Williams 1956 |
| Canada
787 unselected children (<3 years of age) |
cow's milk 7.5% (2 open challenges) | Gerrard et al. 1973 |
| Denmark, Odense
a) 1749 unselected newborns b) 52% exclusively brest-fed infants |
a) cow's milk 2.2%
b) cow's milk 1.0% (elimination/challenge) |
Host et al.
1988
Host & Halken 1990 |
| Estonia
251 consecutive born infants |
cow's milk 1.2%, 0.8% (SPT) at 6 and 12 months | Julge et al. 1997 |
| Estonia, Tartu
237 consecutive born infants (1993-94) |
cow's milk 12, 21%, 26%, and 23%
at 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 years of age (beta-LG specific RAST >/= class 1) cow's milk 1.7%, 0.9%, and 0% at 0.5, 1, and 2 years of age (SPT) |
Julge et al. 2001 |
| Finland
unselected children (<6 months of age) |
cow's milk 1.3-1.9% (with intestinal form only: 0.06%) | Kuitunen et al. 1985 |
| Finland, Helsinki
866 children from well-baby clinic (1-6 years of age) |
cow's milk 2-5% (open challenge) | Kajosaari 1982 |
| Finland, Helsinki
6209 infants followed prospectively from birth |
cow's milk 1.9% (challenge at a mean age of 6.7 months) | Saarinen & Savilahti 2000 |
| France
a) 33110 persons who answered a questionnaire addressed to a representative sample of the French population (age of <61 years) b) 1121 persons with food allergies selected from group a) received a second questionnaire (study period 1997-98) |
a) food allergy 3.2%
b) cow's milk 8% (0.26% in group a) (2 phase survey, questionnaires) |
Kanny et al. 2001 |
| Germany
1235 unselected preschool children (5-6 years) |
cow's milk 3.9% (SPT) | Schäfer et al. 1999 |
| Germany, Augsburg
1537 subjects between 25 and 74 years of age (study period from 1997 to 1998) |
cow's milk 3.8% (SPT)
cow's milk 2.3% (corresponding frequency estimates for the representative study base, n=4178) |
Schäfer et al. 2001 |
| Iceland, Reykjavik
502 unselected adults |
cow's milk 1.2% (RAST) | Gislason et al. 1999 |
| Japan
1336 children in nusery school < 6 years of age (12.6% reported symptoms of immediate-type food allergy) |
cow's milk 4.0% (questionnaire) | Iikura et al. 1999 |
| Netherlands, Maastricht
1158 unselected newborns (followed prospectively from birth to 1 year of age) |
cow's milk 2.8% (elimination / challenge tests) | Schrander et al. 1993b |
| Norway, Oslo
2721 unselected children (population-based cohort) a) point prevalence at age of 2.5 years b) cumulative prevalence at age of 2 years c) prevalence of CMA in children without parents perceived reactions to milk, but perceived reaction to other food (egg) and d) prevalence of CMA in children with no perceived reaction to any food, but reported chronic conditions which could be due to food |
a) cow's milk 1.1%*
b) cow's milk 3.2% c) cow's milk 0.2% d) cow's milk 1.8% (parentally perceived reactions followed by stepwise diagnostic procedure including diet trials at home, SPT, and open challenge and DBPCFC) |
Eggesbø
et al. 2001
* according to authors underestimate, as unrecognized reactions were detected |
| Spain, Valencia
1663 unselected newborns (follow-up to 1 year of age) |
cow's milk 0.36% (clinical history, SPT, RAST) | Sanz Ortega et al. 2001 |
| Sweden
1397 unselected adults (20-44 years of age) |
cow's milk 1.0% (RAST, questionaire) | Björnsson et al. 1996 |
| Sweden, Linköping
healthy girls at birth and mean age of 3, 8, 25, and 48 months (n=57-86, all Rh negative) |
cow's milk 0%, 4.6%, 9.0%, 0%, 1.2% (RAST) | Hattevig et al. 1984 |
| Sweden, Malmö
1079 unselected children (age at onset 2-44 weeks) |
cow's milk in 1.9% (elimination / challenge tests) | Jakobsson & Lindberg 1979 |
| Sweden, Uppsala
414 unselected adults |
cow's milk 0.7% (RAST) | Gislason et al. 1999 |
| Turkey, Adana
1348 unselected children (age 15 weeks) |
cow's milk in 1.6% (elimination / challenge tests) | Altintas et al. 1995 |
| UK
16420 randomly selected adults (age of >15 years) |
cow's milk 0.71% (interview survey, questionnaire) | Emmett et al. 1999 |
| UK, Isle of Wight
609 unselected newborns |
cow's milk 2.5% (case history) | Hide & Guyer 1983 |
| UK, Isle of Wight
unselected children (birth cohort of 1456 consecutively born children) |
a) cow's milk 4.1% (SPT)
b) cow's milk appr. 1.5% (SPT at age of 4 years, n=981) |
a) Dean 1997
b) Arshad et al. 2001 |
| USA
appr. 1000 unselected infants (private practice) |
cow's milk appr. 7% (case history) | Clein 1951 |
| USA
403 unselected infants (well-baby clinic) |
cow's milk 1% (history, skin test) | Bachman & Dees 1957 |
| USA
299 unselected newborns |
cow's milk 1% (history, skin test) | Mueller et al. 1963 |
| USA, Ann Arbor, MI
66598 children from randomly selected public elementary schools |
cow's milk 1.4% (questionnaire, school completed) | Rhim & Morris 2001 |
| USA, Denver, CO
480 unselected children (age of 0 to 3 years) |
cow's milk 2.2% (challenge tests) | Bock 1987 |
1.2 Subjects with Atopic or Other Diseases
| Country / Subjects | Sensitivity / Allergy to | References |
| Finland, Oulu
57, 43, and 42 children with atopic dermatits |
cow's milk 12%, 9.3%, and 7.1% in patients < 1 year, 1-3 years, and 3-15 years of age (SPT) | Hannuksela 1987 |
| Finland, Tampere
113 infants with atopic eczema (age of 2-24 months) |
cow's milk 48% (oral challenge) | Kekki et al. 1997 |
| France
81 cases of anaphylactic shock to food (from 1991-1992) |
cow's milk 6.5% | Moneret-Vautrin & Kanny 1995 |
| France
80 cases of food- related anaphylaxis (from 1993-97) |
cow's milk 6.3% (reported to CICBAA databank) | European Commission 1998 |
| France
45 children with severe food allergies enrolled in a personalized care project in schools |
11% cow's milk (SBPCFC or DBPCFC) | Moneret-Vautrin et al. 2001 |
| France, Pierre Benite
a) 580 patients with adverse reactions to food b) 60 cases of anaphylaxis (study period 1984-92) |
a) cow's milk 18%
b) cow's milk 3.3% |
Andre et al. 1994 |
| France, Nancy and Toulouse
544 food allergic children |
cow's milk 13%, goat's milk 0.55% (food challenge) | Rance et al. 1999b |
| France, Toulouse
142 food allergic children |
cow's milk 9.2 % (labial food challenge) | Rance & Dutau 1997 |
| France, Toulouse
378 food allergic children |
cow's milk 12% (food challenge) | Rance et al. 1999a |
| Germany,Berlin
107 children with atopic dermatitis (and suspicion of food allergy) |
cow's milk 51% (n=92, DBPCFC) | Niggemann et al. 1999b |
| Germany,Bonn
150 food allergic children (egg white, milk, cod fish, wheat, peanut and/or soybean) |
cow's milk 52.0% (RAST) | Liappis & Starke 1999 |
| Italy, Bari
134 patients with atopic dermatitis |
cow's milk 13% (case history), 21% (RAST) | Bonifazi et al. 1978 |
| Italy, Florence
54 episodes of food-dependent anaphylaxis in 44 children (age of 1 month to 16 years) (from 1994-1996) |
cow's milk 22%
goat's milk 4% |
Novembre et al. 1998 |
| Italy, Milan
202 with chronic urticaria and suspected food allergy |
cow's milk 1.0% (DBPCFC) | Pigatto & Valsecchi 2000 |
| Italy, Palermo
204 children (median age of 6.3 months) with gastroesophageal reflux |
cow's milk 9.3% (history)
cow's milk 46% (RAST, SPT, eosinophils) cow's milk 42% (challenge test) |
Iacono et al. 1996 |
| Italy, Rome
371 children with food allergy |
cow's milk 54% (RAST) | Giampietro et al. 1992 |
| Japan, Gifu / Nabu
children with asthma and/or atopic dermatitis from a) Gifu (n = 167) and b) Nanbu (n = 146) |
cow's milk a) 8.1% (Nanbu), b)
19% (Gifu)
(RAST) |
Agata et al. 1994 |
| Japan, Kochi
200 patients with atopic dermatitis and suspected food allergy |
cow's milk 52% (food challenge) | Ogura et al. 2001 |
| Japan, Tokyo
39 children with positive food challenge |
cow's milk 28% (food challenge) | Iwasaki et al. 1994 |
| Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
148 adults with symptoms of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea |
cow's milk 12% (SPT) | Gendeh et al. 2000 |
| Netherlands
131 cases of food- induced anaphylaxis (from 1993-1997) |
cow's milk 8.4% (survey, reported to the TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute) | European Commission 1998 |
| Netherlands, Rotterdam
91 patients with atopic dermatitis |
cow's milk 47% (SAFT) | Oranje et al. 1992 |
| Poland
163 food allergic infants |
cow's milk 64% (RAST) | Hofman 1994 |
| Poland, Warshaw
153 hospitalized infants with respiratory symptoms |
cow' milk 21% | Maciejewski et al. 1995 |
| Singapore
124 children with food-induced anaphylaxis |
cow's milk and/or egg 11% | Goh et al. 1999 |
| South Africa, Cape Town
112 children with atopic dermatitis (age of 5 months to 13 years) |
cow's milk 20% (reported by parents) | Steinman & Potter 1994 |
| Spain, Madrid
355 food allergic children |
cow's milk 25% (SPT, RAST) | Crespo et al. 1995 |
| Spain, Pamplona
74 patients with atopic dermatitis |
cow's milk 37% (SPT, RAST, Histamine Release) | Resano et al. 1998 |
| Sweden
a) 61 cases and b) 55 cases of food- induced anaphylaxis (from 1994-1996) |
a) cow's milk 20% (reported to the National Food Administration)
b) cow's milk 5.5% (Hospital Reports) |
European Commission 1998 |
| Switzerland, Geneva
74 children with atopic dermatitis (age of 6 months to 16 years, median 2.5 years) |
cow's milk 19% (SPT)
cow's milk 15% (history, RAST, and challenge) |
Eigenmann & Calza 2000 |
| Switzerland, Zurich
402 food allergic adults (study period 1978-87) |
cow's milk 16%
(cheese only 6.2%, milk only 3.5%) |
Wüthrich 1993 |
| Switzerland, Zurich
383 food allergic patients (study period 1990-94) |
cow's milk 11%
cheese 5.7% |
Etesamifar & Wüthrich 1998 |
| Thailand
100 asthmatic children |
milk 2% (SPT) | Kongpanichkul et al. 1997 |
| Turkey, Erdine
50 asthmatic children (age of 1.5 to 6 years) with specific serum IgE to foods (egg white, milk, codfish, wheat, peanut and/or soybean) |
cow's milk 18% (SPT) | Yazicioglu et al. 1999 |
| UK, London
100 patients with food intolerance |
cow's milk 46%, cheese only 5% (repeated challenge) | Lessof et al. 1980 |
| UK, Manchester
172 patients expierenced anaphylactic reactions to foods (from 1994-1996) |
cow's milk 1.7% (suspected cause of patients' worst reaction) | Pumphrey & Stanworth 1996 |
| USA, Baltimore, MD
196 food-allergic patients with atopic dermatitis |
cow's milk 50% (n=109, DBPCFC) | Sampson & Ho 1997 |
| USA, Baltimore, MD
11 beef-allergic patients (DBPCFC) |
cow's milk 73% (DBPCFC) | Werfel et al. 1997a |
| USA, Baltimore, MD
63 patients with atopic dermatitis (age of 6 months to 20 years) |
cow's milk 11% (history, RAST, and challenge) | Eigenmann et al. 1998 |
| USA, Boston, MA
279 adults with exercise- induced anaphylaxis (study period 1980-98) |
cow's milk 4% (reported trigger) | Shadick et al. 1999 |
| USA, Denver, CO
a) 74 age of <3 years b) 111 age of 3-19 years |
a) cow's milk 57% (DBPCFC)
b) cow's milk 14% (DBPCFC) |
Bock & Atkins 1990 |
| USA, Durham, NC
a) 113 food allergic children with atopic dermatitis b) 63 DBPCFC positive children of a) |
a) cow's milk 23% (SPT)
b) cow's milk 17% (DBPCFC) |
Sampson & McCaskill 1985 |
| USA, Little Rock, AR
165 patients with atopic dermatitis |
cow's milk 19% (SPT) from which 50% were DBPCFC-positive | Burks et al. 1998 |
| USA, New Haven, CT
98 infants and children with multiple gastrointestinal allergies |
soy and milk 62%
milk and gluten 3% |
Gryboski & Kocoshis 1980 |
| USA, New Haven, CT
38 children with ulcerative colitis (age of <10 years) |
cow's milk 13% (history) | Gryboski 1993 |
| USA, OH
148 respiratory-allergic children with reproduced symptoms after food challenge |
cow's milk 29% | Ogle et al. 1980 |
1.3 Prevalence of Associated Allergies
| Country / Subjects | Sensitivity / Allergy to | References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Australia, Parkville
42 children with CMA (followed for 2 years) |
egg 67%, peanut 55% (challenge test) | Hill et al. 1994 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finland, Helsinki
19 children with CMA |
soybean 32% | Paganus et al. 1992 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| France, Gif Sur Yvette / Paris
58 patients with CMA and specific IgE to bovine CAS |
sheep's milk: ovine CAS 98% (RAST)
goat's milk: caprine CAS 93% (RAST) rat's milk CAS 59% (RAST) rabbit's milk CAS 57% (RAST) |
Bernard et al. 1999 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Germany, Augsburg
59 subjects sensitized to cow's milk in SPT (25-74 years of age) (study period from 1997 to 1998) |
|
Schäfer et al. 2001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Italy, Rome
26 children with CMA (DBPCFC) |
goat's milk 92% (DBPCFC) | Bellioni-Businco et al. 1999 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Italy, Rome
25 children with CMA (DBPCFC) |
mare's milk 8% (SPT)
mare's milk 4% (DBPCFC) |
Businco et al. 2000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sweden, Malmö
20 infants with CMA (age of <12 months) |
soybean in 35% | Jakobsson & Lindberg 1979 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thailand, Bangkok
cow's milk-sensitive children |
soybean 17% | Harikul et al. 1995 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| USA, New Haven, CT
98 infants and children with multiple gastrointestinal allergies |
soy and milk 62%
milk and gluten 3% |
Gryboski & Kocoshis 1980 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| USA, San Diego, CA
cow's milk-sensitive infants |
soybean 25% | Wilson & Hamburger 1988 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| USA, San Diego, CA
93 children with CMA (<3.5 years) |
soybean 14 % (DBPCFC, open challenge, or convincing history of an anaphylactic reaction) | Zeiger et al. 1999 |
2 Outgrowing of Cow's Milk Allergy
| Country / Subjects | Sensitivity | References | ||||||||||||||
| Australia, Victoria
47 with CMA (age of 3-66 months) with onset of symptoms a) <1 hour (n=15), b) 1 to 20 hours (n=24) or, c) >20 hours (n=8) |
Oral tolerance acquired at follow-up of 16 months in: a) 40%, b) 42%, c) 25% of patients | Hill et al. 1989 | ||||||||||||||
| Australia, Victoria
97 children with CMA |
Tolerance in 28% by 2 years, in 56% by 4 years, and 78% by 6 years of age (DBPCFC) | Bishop et al. 1990 | ||||||||||||||
| Canada
150 children with CMA |
Tolerance in 6% by 1 year, 20% by 2 years, in 30% by 3 years, and 53% by 12 years of age | Gerrard et al. 1967 | ||||||||||||||
| Denmark, Odense
39 children with CMA |
Total recovery in 56% by 1 year, 77% by 2 years, and 87% by 3 years of age; cow's milk allergy persisted in 24% of patients with early IgE sensitization to cow's milk | Host & Halken 1990 | ||||||||||||||
| Finland, Oulu
56 children with CMA in infancy (re-examinations at the age of 10 years) |
Positivity to cow's milk proteins:
66% by SPT 13% by RAST 7.1% by clinical reactivity |
Tikkanen et al. 2000 | ||||||||||||||
| Finland, Tampere
37 patients with a history of CMA (mean age of 28 months) |
Oral tolerance acquired at follow-up of 13 months
in 65% of patients |
Isolauri et al. 1992 | ||||||||||||||
| France, Nancy and Toulouse
68 children with CMA |
Sensitivity to cow's milk according to age groups:
0-1 year in 22% 1-3 years in 56% 3-6 years in 19% 6-15 years in 2.9% (SPT and/or RAST, food challenge) |
Rance et al. 1999b | ||||||||||||||
| Germany, Berlin and Freiburg
216 children of a prospective birth cohort (sensitization rates were estimated for the reference population of 4082 children by weighted analysis) |
Point prevalence of sensitization:
1-3 years in appr. 5-6% 5 years in appr. 6-7% 6 years in appr. 5-6% Annual incidence of sensitization:
|
Kulig et al. 1999 | ||||||||||||||
| Italy, Palermo
86 consecutive children with IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated CMA (median age at diagnosis 4 months) |
Oral tolerance acquired in 30%, 55%, and 70% of children after 1, 2, and 3 years of cow's milk free diet, respectively (DBPCFC) | Carroccio et al. 2000b | ||||||||||||||
| Italy, Rome
37 children with CMA |
Tolerance acquired in 68% at age of 2 years; 33% did not tolerate cow's milk at age of 6 years | Businco et al. 1985 | ||||||||||||||
| Israel, Tel-Aviv
347 subjects sensitized to food (n=347) |
|
Kornizky et al. 1999 | ||||||||||||||
| Japan, Gifu
22 children with CMA and atopic dermatitis |
41% Improvement rate in children aged from <1 year to >6 years | Iida et al. 1995 | ||||||||||||||
| Netherlands, Groningen
23 children with CMA |
Oral tolerance acquired in 13%, 48%, 74% and 78% of children at the age of 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively | Olsder et al. 1995 | ||||||||||||||
| Netherlands, Maastricht
37 children with CMA |
Oral tolerance acquired in 15%, 22%, 51% and 67% of the
children at the age of 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively;
90% with initial IgE levels <10 kU/L and 47% with initial IgE >/= 10 kU/L became tolerant |
Schrander et al. 1992 | ||||||||||||||
| Switzerland, Zurich
34 adults with CMA |
Oral tolerance acquired in 28% after 4 years of disease | Stoger & Wüthrich 1993 | ||||||||||||||
| Turkey, Adana
21 children with CMA (age 15 weeks) |
29% recovered within 2 years | Altintas et al. 1995 | ||||||||||||||
| USA
Food allergic patients |
soy, egg, milk, wheat, and peanut:
26% loss (after 1 year of onset, DBPCFC) |
Sampson & Scanlon 1989 | ||||||||||||||
| USA, Baltimore, MD
29 children with CMA |
Tolerance acquired in 38% at median age of 3 years (DBPCFC) | James & Sampson 1992 |
3 Symptoms of Cow's Milk Allergy
| Symptoms & Case Reports |
| systemic reactions
anaphylaxis (20, 21, 24, 36, 40, 46, 44, 54, 55, 56, 64, 70, 71, 76, 78, 82, 92, 93***, 96, 100), excercise induced anaphylaxis (55, 59, 62, 75), fatal reactions (47, 49**, 89) cutaneous symptoms
gastrointestinal symptoms
respiratory symptoms
other symptoms
* controversial / hypothetical, ** possibly due to partially hydrolyzed whey formula, *** mediated by skin contact |
| Percentage of Reactions | References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
(1) Goldman
et al. 1963a
(2) Schwartz et al. 1987 (3) Bishop et al. 1990 (4) Host & Halken 1990 (5) Schwartz 1991 (6) Schrander et al. 1993b (7) Stoger & Wüthrich 1993 (8) Sampson & Ho 1997 (9) Hill et al. 1999 (10) Niggemann et al. 1999b (11) Rance et al. 1999b (12) Sporik et al. 2000 (13) Saarinen et al. 2001 Children with CMA
Adults with CMA
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Symptoms, Onset and Doses for Elicitation
of Symptoms
in IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated CMA 75 IgE-positive and 43 IgE-negative infants with CMA at open challenge (mean age of 6.7 months):
|
Saarinen & Savilahti 2000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Onset of Symptoms
|
(1) Björkstén
et al. 1983
(2) Ventura & Greco 1988 (3) Sutas et al. 1997 (4) Niggemann et al. 1999b (5) Garcia-Ara et al. 2001 (6) Saarinen et al. 2001 Children with CMA
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Onset of Symptoms
* symptoms of constipation, dermatitis, and wheezing |
Carroccio et al. 2000b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Onset of Symptoms
Immediate onset reactions occurred in 43% of positive challenges after a cumulative time of 36 min (3 min to 2.0 h) and late onset reactions in 57% of positive challenges after a cumulative time of 54 h (2 to 192 h) (DBPCFC, 59 children with CMA) |
Sütas et al. 2000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Age at Onset of CMA
Onset in 30% of children with CMA in the first month of life (1) and in 96% at <1 year of age (2) |
(1) Savilahti
1981
(2) Bock 1987 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cluster Groups
3 clusters of patients with CMA using a K-means algorithm (data of case history and effects of a standardized milk challenge):
|
(1) Hill et al.
1986
(2) Firer et al. 1987 (3) Hill et al. 1989 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Threshold for Elicitation of Symptoms
Challenge Tests:
|
(1) Norgaard & Bindslev-Jensen
1992
(2) Malmheden Yman et al. 1994 (3) Laoprasert et al. 1998 (4) Sicherer et al. 2000 (5) Sütas et al. 2000 (6) Garcia-Ara et al. 2001 (7) Morisset & Moneret-Vautrin 2001 |
4 Diagnostic
Features of Cow's Milk Allergy
5 Therapy of Cow's Milk
Allergy
6 Composition of Cow's Milk
7 Allergens of Cow's
Milk
8 Isolation & Preparation