| Country / Subjects | Sensitivity to | References |
| Finland, Helsinki
16 wheat sensitive children with atopic dermatitis |
rice 69% (SPT) | Varjonen et al. 1995 |
| France, Pierre Benite
580 patients with adverse reactions to food |
rice 17% (RAST) | Andre et al. 1994 |
| Japan, Okinawa
127 atopic patients (bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis) |
rice 12% (MAST) | Kosugi et al. 1992 |
| Japan, Tokyo
39 children with positive food challenge |
rice 8% | Iwasaki et al. 1994 |
| Switzerland, Zurich
402 food allergic adults |
rice 0.7% | Wüthrich 1993 |
| Taiwan
312 asthmatic patients |
rice pollen 9% (SPT), from which 35% were RAST positive | Tsai et al. 1990 |
| USA, Davis, CA
464 male rice farmers |
probably rice: 6-9% prevalence of respiratory symptoms | McCurdy et al. 1996 |
| USA, Little Rock, AR
appr. 700 atopic patients |
rice < 1% (food challenge) | Helm & Burks 1996 |
| USA, St. Louis, MO
a) 1196 cereal allergic adults b) 118 cereal allergic children |
a) rice 39% (SPT)
b) rice 6% (SPT) |
Lewis & Imber 1975 |
| USA, OH
148 respiratory-allergic children with reproduced symptoms after food challenge |
rice 2% | Ogle et al. 1980 |
| Symptoms & Case Reports | References |
| systemic reactions
exercise-incuced anaphylaxis (6, 7) cutaneous symptoms
gastrointestinal symptoms
respiratory symptoms
other symptoms
|
(1) Hoffman 1975
(2) Shibasaki et al. 1979 (3) Ikzewa et al. 1992b (4) Lezaun et al. 1994 (5) Cavataio et al. 1996 (6) Guinnepain et al. 1996 (7) Caffarelli et al. 1997 (8) Arai et al. 1998 (9) Sicherer et al. 1998 (10) Uchio et al. 1998 |
3 Diagnostic Features and Therapy
| Parameters / Subjects | Outcome | References |
| Age of Patients
cereal allergic patients |
Frequency of sensitivity to rice was six times higher in adults than in children (St. Louis, MO, USA) | Lewis & Imber 1975 |
| Age and RAST
rice allergic patients with atopic dermatitis |
RAST positivity to rice was about 10% in up to 1-year-olds and reached the level of 30-50% after 2 years of age | Ikzewa et al. 1992b |
| RAST and Clinical Relevance
a) 11 patients with overt symptoms from cereals b) 15 patients without overt symptoms from cereals |
Groups a) and b) could not be distinguished by rice or other cereal specific RAST scores | Hoffman 1975 |
| RAST and Clinical Relevance
184 rice, egg white or house dust mite allergic patients with atopic dermatitis |
Correlation of clinical severity of atopic dermatitis and RAST score was the highest for rice allergens (0.52), (correlations for mites and egg white <0.15) | Ikzewa et al. 1992b |
| IgE, Histamine, Leukotriene B4
patients with atopic dermatitis, a) 70 with ocular complications, b) 146 without ocular complications |
Significantly higher specific IgE for rice and wheat
in a) than in b),
Significantly elevated tear histamine and LTB4 levels in a) as compared to b) and controls |
Uchio et al. 1998 |
| Cytotoxic Leucocytes Test (CLT)
1824 CLTs with 23 food allergens |
Rice one of 10 foods giving most often reactions in CLT | Ruokonen 1981 |
| Lymphocyte Stimulation
5 rice allergic patients |
Rice globulin and 2 globulin fractions revealed lymphocyte- stimulating activity | Shibasaki et al. 1979 |
| PBMC Proliferation
2 rice pollen allergic patients |
No significant differences between patients and controls in PBMC proliferation with rice pollen allergens | Tsai et al. 1990 |
| Isolated Rice Intolerance
4 children with isolated rice hypersensitivity |
Symptoms: shock, vomiting, and diarrhea, occult blood
in stools, immunologic tests negative;
No symptoms during 6 weeks of a diet free of rice and flour, successive double-blind challenges caused severe shock in 3 of 4 infants, histologic alterations in intestinal mucosa after challenge |
Cavataio et al. 1996 |
| Elimination Diet
25 patients with atopic dermatitis (RAST positive to rice) |
Rice elimination diet (mean duration of elimination:
5.2 months):
a) 36% showed improvement: rice and wheat specific RAST titers decreased b) 40% mild improvement c) 24% no improvement: total serum IgE and wheat specific RAST titers increased |
Komatsu et al. 1990
Ikzewa et al. 1992b |
| Hypoallergenic Rice *
1 rice allergic patient with asthma |
Patient has been eating hypoallergenic rice with no bronchial asthma-induced attack | Arai et al. 1998 |
| Seed Proteins / Glycoproteins | Allergen Nomenclature | References |
| 14-16 kDa Rice Allergens | Matsuda et al. 1988
Urisu et al. 1991b |
|
| 33-kDa Allergen | Nakase et al. 1998 | |
| 60 kDa Allergen | Ikezewa et a. 1999 | |
| Major Allergens: 15.5, 16, 19 kDa | Urisu et al. 1991b | |
| Major Allergens: 16, 25, 50, 90 kDa | Ikezawa et al. 1992a | |
| Allergens: 12.5 and 28 kDa | Limas et al. 1990 |
| Pollen Proteins / Glycoproteins | Allergen Nomenclature | References |
| Major Pollen Allergen (Group I) | Ory s 1 | Xu et al. 1995 |
| Allergens: 16, 26, and 32 kDa | Tsai et al. 1990 |
5.1 Sensitization to Rice Allergens
| Country / Subjects | Sensitivity to | References |
| Japan, Gunma
5 rice allergic patients |
Protein fractions:
glutelin in a) 100% and b) 0% globulin in a) and b) 100% (a) RAST, (b) Lymphocyte Stimulation Test |
Shibasaki et al. 1979 |
| Japan, Tokyo
10 rice allergic patients with atopic dermatitis |
Protein fractions:
water-soluble in 50% salt-soluble in 90% ethanol-soluble in 30% acetic acid-soluble in 60% residue in 30% (RAST) |
Watanabe et al. 1990a |
| Japan, Toyoake
31 rice allergic patients |
16 kDa allergen in 100%
(RAST) |
Urisu et al. 1991a |
| Japan, Toyoake
32 rice allergic patients |
19 kDa allergen in 56%
16 kDa allergen in 69% 15.5 kDa allergen in 97% 15-, 25-, 33-, 35-, 38-, 56- and 92-kDa allergens in 25-44% 32- and 40-kDa allergens in 13% 24-, 31-, 43-, 53-, 65-, 68-, 78-, 82- and 90-kDa allergens in <10% (SDS-PAGE / immunoblot) |
Urisu et al. 1991b |
| Japan, Yokohama
15 rice allergic patients with atopic dermatitis |
60 kDa allergen in 7% (1 patient)
(SDS-PAGE / immunoblot) |
Ikezewa et a. 1999 |
| Spain, Madrid
4 cereal allergic patients |
12.5 and 28 kDa allergen detected by pooled serum
(SDS-PAGE / immunoblot) |
Limas et al. 1990 |
5.2 14-16 kDa Rice Allergens
5.3 Major Pollen Allergen (Grass Group I)
| Extract / Purified Allergens | Methods | References |
| Proteins | Defatted rice grain powder extraction with NaCl / NaHCO3 buffer (pH 8.0, containing phenol) at RT for 48h; centrifugation, dialysis, lyophylization, storage at 4°C | Urisu et al. 1991b |
| Albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions | Subsequent extration: water, salt, ethanol, acetic acid, salt/ethanol, alkali solutions; Extraction of rice powder for 4 h at RT, centrifugation, dialysis and lyophylization of supernatant, extraction of insoluble residues with similar procedure | Watanabe et al. 1990a |
| Globulin and glutelin fractions | Extraction of defatted rice flour with salt solution;
a) supernatant: ammonium sulfate precipitation of globulin fraction; separation
of 3 globulin fractions by SEC (Sephadex G-200)
b) precipitate: washing and extraction of glutelin fraction with alkali solution |
Shibasaki et al. 1979 |
| Globulins (10 proteins) | Extraction of ground and defatted rice endosperm with 0.5M-NaCl, precipitation with trichloroacetic acid, fractionation with ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate / ethanol buffers, purification of total NaCl- and fractionated extracts by RP-HPLC | Limas et al. 1990 |
| 16 kDa allergen | Extraction of defatted rice grain powder with salt solution, ammonium sulfate precipitation of the supernatant, dialysis and lyophylization; IEC (DEAE cellulose) purification twice followed by SEC (Sephadex G-50) | Matsuda et al. 1988
Urisu et al. 1991b |
| 14-16 kDa allergens | Sonication extraction of dehulled rice with salt solution, ammonium sulfate precipitation of the supernatant and dialysis; fractionation and purification of 5 proteins by IEC (DEAE cellulose) followed by RP-HPLC | Nakase et al. 1996 |
| Cross-Reacting Allergens | Subjects / Methods | References |
| Rice
a) cereals (wheat, corn, oats ) b) rye grass pollen (group I) |
Association of rice- and corn- specific IgE in 200 patients*
(RAST)
Differential cross- reactivities between all cereals (RAST inhibition) |
Hoffman 1975 |
| Rice
a) 5 cereals (wheat, rye, corn, oats)* b) grass pollen * |
Correlation of skin reactivities between rice and
a) corn 50%, rye 41%, wheat 38%, and oats 35% (SPT)* b) grass pollen (SPT)* |
Lewis & Imber 1975 |
| Rice Protein Fractions
Glutelin and globulin fractions |
1 rice allergic patient, allergenic potency: globulin > glutelin (RAST inhibition) | Shibasaki et al. 1979 |
| Rice
12 cereals (wheat, durum wheat, triticale, cereal rye, barley, rye grass, oats, canary grass, rice, maize, sorghum and Johnson grass) |
4 asthmatic bakers (RAST, RAST inhibition) | Baldo et al. 1980 |
| Rice Allergen (16
kDa)
5 cereals (wheat, corn, Japanese and Italian millet) |
6 rice allergic patients: Significant correlation of
RAST values between protein extracts of all 5 cereals and between 16 kDa
rice allergen and Italian millet *,
Decrease of IgE-binding to all 5 cereals by 16 kDa rice allergen and vice versa (RAST, RAST inhibition) |
Urisu et al. 1991b |
| Rice
wheat, soybean * |
188 and 308 patients with atopic dermatitis: Close correlation between rice and wheat (0.78), and rice and soybean (0.65) (RAST) | Ikzewa et al. 1992b |
| Rice
wheat, barley * |
Cluster analysis, 161 asthmatic children: wheat, barley
and rice *
(20 inhalants and 15 foods allergens, MAST) |
Iwasaki & Baba 1992 |
| Rice
buckwheat a) 23 buckwheat-sensitive subjects, b) 30 buckwheat-tolerant subjects with buckwheat and rice specific IgE |
Significant correlation between rice and buckwheat specific
RAST values in b), but not in a),
Heterogenous (rice / buckwheat) RAST inhibition significantly lower than homologous (rice / rice, buckwheat / buckwheat) inhibition in a), no significant differences in b), Conclusion: common allergens from rice and buckwheat in a) and b), buckwheat specific allergens in a) (RAST, RAST inhibition) |
Yamada et al. 1995 |
| Rice
corn, soybean, and peanut |
123 soybean, corn, rice, and peanut allergic patients:
Significant RAST correlations between rice and corn (r=0.95) and rice and soybean (r=0.81), Significant inhibition of IgE- binding to rice by corn and peanut, and to corn and soybean by rice (RAST inhibition) |
Lehrer et al. 1999 |
| Rice Pollen
Ory s 1, Lol p 1 from rye grass |
Grass pollen allergic patients: Almost complete inhibition of IgE- binding to crude rice pollen extract by Ory s 1 and Lol p 1 | Xu et al. 1995 |
| Treatment | Effects | References |
| Rice Seeds, Rice Powder
enzymic digestion with a) actinase and papain, b) actinase / surfactant (glycerin mono- oleate) |
a) Rice seeds: reduction of RAST values to 22% (actinase)
and 76% (papain) of non- treated rice
Rice powder: reduction of RAST values to < 0.34 PRU/mL (actinase) and to 31% of non- treated rice (1 rice allergic patient) b) Rice seeds: reduction of RAST values to < 0.34 PRU/mL in 6 of 8 rice allergic patients |
Watanabe et al. 1990a |
| Globulins
heat a) 60°C for 1 h, b) 100°C for 2 min, c) 100°C for 10 min |
RAST activities of globulin fractions were reduced to
51-74% (RAST)
Lymphocyte-stimulating activities of treatments a) and b) were enhanced up to 6 times of native activities |
Shibasaki et al. 1979 |
| Globulins
enzymic digestion with actinase, papain, alpha- chymotrypsin, trypsin, pepsin, and pancreatin |
RAST value for actinase treated rice < 0.34 PRU/mL, RAST activity reduced to > 50% by papain digestion, unchanged RAST for other enzymes (RAST, 1 rice allergic patient) | Watanabe et al. 1990a |
| Glutelins
heat a) 60°C for 1 h, b) 100°C for 2 min, c) 100°C for 10 min |
RAST activities of glutelin fractions were reduced to
44-60% (RAST)
Lymphocyte-stimulating activities of heated glutelins: no significant changes |
Shibasaki et al. 1979 |
| Reported Adverse Reactions | References |
| Food / Food additives
Symptoms after ingestion of cooked rice (1) |
(1) see Symptoms of Rice Allergy |
| Reported Safe Products | References |
| Food | see Hypoallergenic Rice |
| Pharmaceuticals
Topical oat and rice colloidal grain suspensions used as adjuncts in bath therapies were evaluated for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: neither immediate urticarial nor allergic reactions occurred in any of 65 atopic or nonatopic children (Skin Patch Test), although 23% of atopic children were RAST positive (1) |
(1) Pigatto et al. 1997 |
| Associated Factors | References |
| Rice Burning
Rice burn acreage was shown to have a small statistically significant effect on asthma morbidity in Butte County, USA (1) |
(1) Jacobs et al. 1997 |
| Products | Evaluation Methods | References |
| Alkali Hydrolyzed Rice
Hypoallergenic rice (AFT-R 1) produced by alkali treatment, 15 rice allergic patients with severe atopic dermatitis |
Reduction of major allergenic protein to less than 1/6400
(EAST)
Clinical trial: Evaluated as useful in 93% of patients, Patient for whom AFT-R 1 was not useful: 60 kDa allergen detected in AFT-R 1 (SDS-PAGE immunoblotting) |
Ikezawa et al. 1999 |
| Enzyme Hydrolyzed Rice
Hypoallergenic rice produced by 2-stage enzymatic process, hydrolysis of salt soluble allergenic proteins by actinase in the presence of a surfactant, washing and colour improvement by treatment with diluted hydrochloric acid, washing with water and steaming |
Hypoallergenic rice gave low specific RAST values and was clinically administered to 7 rice allergic patients with atopic dermatitis, no allergic reactions were observed in 6 of 7 | Watanabe et al. 1990a, b
Watanabe 1993 |
| Enzyme Hydrolyzed Rice
Hypoallergenic rice (HRS-1) produced by enzymatic digestion (actinase and surfactant treatment), reduced content of salt- soluble globulin fraction, 44 patients with severe atopic dermatitis |
Elimination of rice and wheat from daily diet, replacement
with hypoallergenic rice (5.6 weeks on average):
In 74% "moderate" to "remarkable" improvement, in 53% "moderate" to "remarkable" reduction in steroid ointment concomitantly used for the treatment (1, 2) Provocation test with regular rice in 5 of 44 subjects following the HRS-1 therapy: obvious increase in severity of symptoms in all 5 cases (2) |
(1) Ikezawa et al. 1991
(2) Ikezawa et al. 1992a |
| Enzyme Hydrolyzed Rice
Hypoallergenic rice enzymatically (proteinase) processed, 40 patients with rice- associated atopic dermatitis |
Hypoallergenic rice gave low specific RAST values and
was effective in treatment of patients,
Palatability and nutritive value similar to non- treated rice |
Arai 1993 |
| Hyperpressured Rice
Hypoallergenic rice: 95% of albumin and globulin were taken off by hyperpressure method |
7 children with atopic dermatitis and rice specific RAST
> 1:
After introduction of hypoallergenic rice for 4 weeks skin reactions improved in all patients; Stimulation Index by rice albumin and globulin decreased to max. 22-97% (mean 71%) and 33-97% (mean 73%) (CAST) |
Juji et al. 1999 |
| Transgenic Rice
Repression of 14-16 kDa allergen expression in rice seeds by antisense RNA strategy |
Appr. 1/5 lower allergen content in transgenic cultivars as estimated using 16-kDa allergen specific mAb (ELISA, immunoblotting) | Matsuda et al. 1996
Nakamura & Matsuda 1996 Tada et al. 1996 |