8 Cross-Reactivities
 

Cross-Reacting Allergens	Subjects / Methods	References
Soybean soybean (sensitivity in 90% of patients), peanut (90%), green pea (80%), lima bean (53%), string bean (43%)*	30 atopic children with suspected soybean allergy (Skin test)	Fries 1971
Soybean peanut, garden pea, and chick pea	15 peanut-sensitive patients (RAST-inhibition)	Barnett et al. 1987
Soybean allergen (17 kDa) green pea (17 kDa)	1 patient with asthma (immunoblotting)	Bush et al. 1988
Soybean soybean (sensitivity in 43% of patients), peanut (87%), green bean (22%), pea (26%), and lima bean (41%)*	69 legume-sensitive patients (SPT) (1) frequency of multiple sensitization: 4.9% (DBPCFC, 41 patients) (1) in vitro cross-reactivity did not correlate with clinical hypersensitivity (SDS-PAGE and dot / immunoblot) (2)	(1) Bernhisel-Broadbent & Sampson 1989 (2) Bernhisel-Broadbent et al. 1989
Soybean peanut	patient allergic to peanut and soy: 73% reduction of IgE-binding to peanut after adsorption of cross-reacting antibodies (ELISA)	Eigenmann et al. 1996
Soybean wheat, rye, and barley flours	21 patients with wheat-induced asthma (RAST inhibition)	Sandiford et al. 1995
Soybean wheat flour (sensitivity in 80% of patients), rye flour 66%, alpha-amylase of Aspergillus oryzae (Asp o 2) 33%*	14 soybean-sensitized asthmatic bakers (RAST)	Baur et al. 1996
Soybean peanuts and peas	4 peanut allergic and 2 pea allergic adults (RAST-inhibition)	Hagner et al. 1998
Soybean corn, rice, and peanut	soybean, corn, rice, and peanut allergic patients: significant inhibition of IgE- binding to soybean by corn, rice, and peanut (RAST inhibition)	Lehrer et al. 1999
Soybean Profilin Gly m 3 birch pollen profilin Bet v 2	Complete inhibition of IgE-binding to Bet v 2 by recombinant Gly m 3 (EAST inhibition, 2 soybean sensitive patients)	Rihs et al. 1999

*  multiple sensitization (not proven by  inhibition-tests)
 
 

Unique Allergens	Subjects / Methods	References
Soybean / Peanut 46 and 21 kDa allergens from soybean did not cross-react with peanut allergens; 46, 29, 25, 19, 17, 14, and 5 kDa allergens from peanut did not cross-react with soybean allergens	2 patients allergic to peanut and soy 3 patients allergic to peanut a) removal of cross-reacting antibodies from serum by soy- and peanut-affinity chromatography, respectively b) detection of unique IgE-binding proteins in SDS-PAGE immunoblot	Eigenmann et al. 1996

9 Stability of Soybean Allergens
 

Treatment	Effects	References
Soybean hull (Storage) (a) fresh, (b) stored, (c) stored and heated for 16 h	IgE- and IgG4-binding: stored > fresh extracts heated > untreated extracts (EAST inhibition) heated to 80°C:  absence of several bands > 20 kDa abscence of 1 major allergen (probably Gly m 2) 2 new IgE-binding bands of 10 and 15.3 kDa 1 new IgG4-binding band of 10 kDa as compared to RT, 37°C, 55°C treatment (SDS-PAGE immunoblot)	Codina et al. 1998
Soybean hull (Storage) fresh and glycerinated extracts: storage (30 days, -70°C to 4°C)	increase of positivities in SPT with all glycerinated extracts after 30 days of storage, loss of protein bands > 66 kDa for non-glycerinated extract stored at 4°C (SDS-PAGE)	Morell et al. 1999
Soybeans (Heat) microwave 700W, 25 min 15 soybean-allergic adults	IgE-binding (EAST): raw soybean:  15 sera heated soybean: 9 sera	Vieths et al. 1995
Soybeans (Heat) cooking 100°C, 2h 6 soybean-allergic adults	IgE-binding (EAST): raw soybean:  6 sera cooked soybean: 3 sera max. inhibition of Ig-binding to heated soybean extract (EAST): 39% by raw extract 89% by heated extract	Müller et al. 1998
Crude Soy Protein (Heat) heat 80°C and 120°C, 60 min	decrease in IgE-binding 80°C: no change in IgG-binding 120°C: decrease in IgG-binding (ELISA)	Burks et al. 1991
Crude Soy, 7S-, 11S-, and Whey Proteins (Heat) heat RT to 100°C, 5 to 60 min	no significant changes in IgE- and IgG-binding (2 patients with soybean allergy, EAST inhibition)	Burks et al. 1992
Soy Whey Proteins (Heat) heat 80°C and 120°C, 60 min	80°C: no change in IgE- and IgG-binding 120°C: decrease in IgE- and IgG-binding (ELISA)	Burks et al. 1991
11S-, 7S- and 2S-Globulins (Heat) heat 80°C, 100°C and 120°C, 30 min	80°C: 2S-globuline slightly increased, 11S and 7S reduced IgE-binding (42-75%) 100°C, 120°: decreased IgE-binding for all fractions (39-83%) (RAST)	Shibasaki et al. 1980
11S- and 7S-Globulins (Heat) heat 80°C and 120°C, 60 min	80°C: decrease in IgE-binding; decrease (7S) and increase (11S) in IgG-binding 120°C: decrease in IgE- and IgG-binding (ELISA)	Burks et al. 1991
Crude Soy Protein (Hydrolysis) 2 step enzyme digestion a) pepsin and b) trypsin, chymotrypsin and intestinal mucosal peptidase digestion	50%-inhibition concentration: 10 fold increased  for digested soy proteins (2 patients with soybean allergy, EAST inhibition)	Burks et al. 1992
Crude Soy Protein (Hydrolysis) enzyme digestion (2 proteases)	reduced IgE-binding (immunoblot)	Yamanishi et al. 1996
Glycinin, beta-Conglycinin (Hydrolysis) a) in vitro digestion with trypsin b) in vivo digestion of a processed soy ingredient in rats	a) beta-Conglycinin: decrease in immunoreactivity; Glycinin: 3-fold increase in immunoreactivity (ELISA, rabbit antibody) b) Glycinin and beta-conglycinin were digested rapidly, intact globulins disappeared from the gastrointestinal tract within 3 h; immunoreactive globulins in gut contents and associated with gut tissues in a semi-intact form, probably comprising proteolytic intermediates	Perez et al. 2000

10 Allergen Sources
 

Reported Adverse Reactions	References
Several Food Products Fatal anaphylaxis of a 10 year old girl sensitized to peanut and soy (RAST) after ingestion of sausage pizza fortified with soy protein (1) Symptoms after ingestion of tofu, soybean salat, soybean sprouts, and spring rolls (2) Baker's asthma induced by soy lecithin (Skin test, RAST, bronchial challenge) (3) Soy proteins in Spanish sausage products (chorizo, salchichon, mortadella, and boiled ham), doughnut and soup stock cubes (Skin test, RAST, bronchial and oral challenge) (4) Anaphylactic symptoms caused by pizza containing soy proteins (5) 4 fatal anaphylactic reaction in adolescents with known peanut allergy and unrecognized soybean allergy caused by meatballs with 3% soyprotein, hamburger (1 case soyprotein content unkown, other case 2.2% soyprotein), and kebab with 7% soyprotein (6) 6 life-threatening allergic reactions after ingestion of ice cream and meatballs with soy, and soysauce (6)	(1) Yunginger et al. 1991 (2) Mistereck et al. 1992 (3) Lavaud et al. 1994 (4) Vidal et al. 1997 (5) Senne et al. 1998 (6) Foucard & Malmheden Yman 1999
Hamburger, Kebab, Crab Stick Fatal anaphylactic reaction after ingestion of a hamburger with added soyprotein (2.1%); 2 additional allergic reaction after ingestion of a kebab containing 7% soyprotein and a crab stick with 0.5-0.9% undeclared soyprotein	Malmheden Yman et al. 1994
Tofu Urticarial contact dermatitis in a 20 year old woman after contact with tofu (SPT, Immunoblot)	Ikeda et al. 2000
Soy lecithins Positive DBPCFC with 100 mg soy lecithins in a 4 year old boy , symptoms of erythematous rash on the jaws 1 h after ingestion	Palm et al. 1999
Pharmaceuticals Urticarial eruptions associated with lipid emulsions (1) Anaphylactic shock after infusion of soybean oil based preparation for parenteral nutrition (2) Systemic reactions (flush, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypotension, back pain) to a parenteral lipid emulsion, reexposure to parenteral solutions containing no soy lecithin emulsifier was tolerated (3)	(1) Buchman & Ament 1991 (2) Andersen & Nissen 1993 (3) Weidmann et al. 1997

 

Allergens in Soybean Products	Content / Products	References
Soybean Proteins 7 soybean-allergic adults  (RAST inhibition)	Inhibitory potency of IgE-binding to raw soybean proteins (max. Inhibition): raw soybeans (70%), sprouts (70%) > acid- hydrolyzed sauce (40%), tofu (25-30%), hydrolyzed vegetable protein (40%), tempeh (20%), miso (20%) > mold-hydrolyzed sauce (10%)	Herian et al. 1993
Soybean Proteins 15 soybean-allergic adults  (EAST inhibition)	IgE-binding proteins in soy-milk, tofu, textured soy-protein	Vieths et al. 1995
Soybean Proteins Patients with atopic dermatitis and high levels of IgE; Determination of IgG-binding to protein fractions (ELISA, immunoblot)	IgG-binding proteins in commercial  margarines not detected in hypoallergenic magarine	Yokota et al. 1996
Soybean Proteins 30 soybean-allergic adults (immunoblot)	IgE-binding proteins in lecithins (31 kDa allergen) protein contents: soybean lecithin 2.8 mg / 100 g soybean oil 1.4 to 4.0 µg / 100 g	Awazuhara et al. 1998
Soybean Proteins 6 soybean-allergic adults (EAST, immunoblot)	IgE-binding proteins in 4/6 commercial lecithins: 27, 39, and 40 kDa allergens	Müller et al. 1998
Gly m Bd 30K Determination of  Gly m Bd 30K (ELISA)	high concentrations in soy milk, tofu, kori-dofu, yuba, and in soybean protein isolate containing foods meat balls, beef croquettes, and fried chicken low concentration in kinako not detected in fermented foods (miso, shoyu, and natto)	(1) Tsuji et al. 1995
Gly m Bd 28K Determination of  Gly m Bd 28K (ELISA)	detected in : soy milk, tofu, kori-tofu, yuba not detected in: fermented foods (miso, shoyu, and natto), meat ball, beef croquettes, and fried chicken (1)	(1) Bando et al. 1998

 

Reported Safe Products	References
Soybean Oil 6 commercial soybean oil samples: safe ingestion of total dose of 15 mL by 7 soybean allergic individuals (DBPCFC) (1)	(1) Bush et al. 1985
Pharmaceuticals tolerance to parenteral solutions containing no soy lecithin emulsifier  (1)	(1) Weidmann et al. 1997

 
 

Allergen Depleted Products	Method	References
Soy Protein Isolate 90% removal of allergen Gly m Bd 30K (1)	salted out with Na2SO4, acidifying to pH 4.5 and centrifugation (1)	(1) Samoto et al. 1994
Soy Protein Isolate from a genetically mutated soybean (Tohoku 124): 99.78% removal of allergen Gly m Bd 30K (1)	salted out with Na2SO4, acidifying to pH 4.5 and centrifugation (1)	(1) Samoto et al. 1996b
Soybean Mutants lacking alpha and alpha'  subunits of beta- conglycinin (1) lacking the 7S globulin (beta-conglycinin) subunits, alpha, alpha' and beta (2)	soybean mutation induced by gamma- ray irradiation (1) soybean variety produced by classical breeding techniques (2)	(1) Takahashi et al. 1996 (2) Hayashi et al. 1998

11 Soybean Protein in Infant Feed
 

Subjects	Feeding / Formula	References
328 children with a positive family history of allergy (15 years follow up)	Breast fed infants were found to have approximately one-half the incidence of atopy of cow's milk or soy based formula fed infants	Gruskay 1982
16 infants with congenital lactase deficiency (lactose malabsorption)	10 on soy-based formula  1 had allergic symptoms	Savilahti et al. 1983
101 newborn infants of atopic parents (total serum IgE)	development of atopic disease breast-fed group: 38% with IgE > 0.8 U/ml 12% with IgE < 0.8 U/ml  soy-fed group: 33% with IgE > 0.8 U/ml 16% with IgE < 0.8 U/ml cow's milk-fed group: 90% with IgE > 0.8 U/ml 17% with IgE < 0.8 U/ml	Businco et al. 1983
97 brest fed and 124 non brest fed infants	development of atopic eczema breast-fed group: 22%  (restricted maternal diet) 48% (no restricted maternal diet) soy-fed group:  in 63% cow's milk-fed group:  in 70% casein hydrolysate-fed group:  in 21%	Chandra et al. 1989a
72 infants with family history of atopy (each group)	incidence of atopic eczema, wheezing, rhinitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, or colic breast-fed group:  in 20% soy-fed group:  in 37% cow's milk-fed group:  in 36% cow's milk whey hydrolysate-fed group: in 7% cumulative incidence of atopic disease: breast-fed and whey hydrolysate-fed group < cow's milk and soy-formula fed group	Chandra et al. 1989b Chandra & Hamed 1991 Chandra 1997
20 cow's milk allergic infants	incidence of allergic symptoms: 2S protein fraction depleted soy milk in 17% of infants	Marano et al. 1989
(a) 12 infants with protracted enteritis  (b) 10 infants with atopic eczema	fed with lactose-free soy and beef hydrolysate based formula:  improvement of symptoms in both groups, allergic symptoms in 1 (a) and 3  (b) infants who were previously fed with intact soy protein	Donzelli et al. 1990
21 infants with gastrointestinal symptoms of cow's milk and/or soy protein intolerance	fed with whey protein hydrolysate formula: improvement of symptoms	Merrit et al. 1990
40 atopic children	specific IgE against soy / beef collagen hydrolysate in 1 patient	Gortler & Urbanek 1990
43 patients with possible milk- and/or soy-protein enterocolitis	cow's milk 23% positive challenge 2 hydrolyzed soy protein isolates a) 33% positive challenge b) 30% positive challenge	Burks et al. 1994
12 infants with adverse reactions to soy formula, whey hydrolysate, or casein hydrolysate (4)	infant formula composed of individual amino acids: no symptoms	Hill et al. 1995
analysis of 17 studies	allergy to soy-based formula: in 27% of patients (total incidences), 3% (DBPCFC) and 4% (positive challenge)	Cantani & Lucenti 1997

12 Allergenicity of Genetically Modified Soybeans
 

Product	References
Transgenic Soybean /  Pesticide resistant Aim: glyphosate-tolerant soybeans (product Roundup Ready) Modification: Introduced enzyme: 5-enolpyruvylshikimate- 3-phosphate synthase enzyme derived from Agrobacterium sp. strain Digestability: introduced enzyme degrades readily in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (2) Allergenicity: no discernible changes, either qualitatively or quantitatively, in composition of endogenous soybean allergens in either of the glyphosate- tolerant varieties analyzed (1)	(1) Burks & Fuchs 1995 (2) Harrison et al. 1996
Transgenic Soybean / Brazil nut protein  Aim: Improvement of nutritional quality Modification: Introduced allergen: methionine-rich 2S albumin from the Brazil nut (Betholletia excelsa) Allergenicity: All patients with positive reactions to brazil nut proteins were positive to the transgenic soybean (SPT, RAST, immunoblot) (Product withheld from the market by the company)	Nordlee et al. 1996
Transgenic Soybean / Corn proteins  Aim: Improvement of nutritional quality (amino acid composition) Modification: Introduced corn proteins: 10 kDa and HSZ Allergenicity: Both proteins did not bind IgE from sera of corn-reactive subjects (immunoblot)	Lehrer & Reese 1997
Transgenic Soybean / Oleic acid  Modification: transgenic soybean with an altered fatty acid profile Allergenicity: no difference in allergen content of  wild-type and transgenic soybean extracts (RAST inhibition, immunoblot)	Lehrer & Reese 1997
Cultivar Tohoku 124 lacks alpha- and alpha'-subunits of conglycinin which bind allergen Gly m Bd 30K (1) and lacks Gly m Bd 28K (2)	(1) Samoto et al. 1996b (2) Samoto et al. 1997

13 Food Allergen Labelling
 

Food Allergen	Labelling / Regulation Status	References
International Regulations Peanuts, soybeans and products of these	mandatory labelling of prepackaged food / advisary status (1)	(1) Codex Alimentarius Commission 1999
European Regulations Soybean and Soybean Products	labelling appropriate / recommendation (1)	(1) Bousquet et al. 1998

14 References

• Agata H, Kondo N, Fukutomi O, Hayashi T, Shinoda S, Nishida T, Yomo A, Suzuki Y, Shimozawa N, Tomatsu S, Orii T (1994) Comparison of allergic diseases and specific IgE antibodies in different parts of Japan Ann Allergy 72:447-51
• Andersen HL, Nissen I (1993) Presumed anaphylactic shock after infusion of Lipofundin Ugeskr Laeger 155(28):2210-1 (in Swedish)
• Andre F, Andre C, Colin L, Cacaraci F, Cavagna S (1994) Role of new allergens and of allergens consumption in the increased incidence of food sensitizations in France Toxicology 93(1):77-83
• Anto JM, Soriano JB, Sunyer J, Rodrigo MJ, Morell F, Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Swanson MC (1999) Long term outcome of soybean epidemic asthma after an allergen reduction interventionThorax 54:670-4
• Awazuhara H, Kawai H, Maruchi N (1997) Major allergens in soybean and clinical significance of IgG4 antibodies investigated by IgE- and IgG4- immunoblotting with sera from soybean- sensitive patients Clin Exp Allergy 27:325-32
• Awazuhara H, Kawai H, Baba M, Matsui T, Komiyama A (1998) Antigenicity of the proteins in soy lecithin and soy oil in soybean allergy Clin Exp Allergy 28:1559-1564
• Babiker EfE, Hiroyuki A, Matsudomi N, Iwata H, Ogawa T, Bando N, Kato A (1998) Effect of polysaccharide conjugation or transglutaminase treatment on the allergenicity and functional properties of soy protein J Agric Food Chem 46:866-871
• Babiker EE, Azakami H, Ogawa T, Kato A (2000) Immunological characterization of recombinant soy protein allergen produced by Escherichia coli expression system J Agric Food Chem 48:571-5
• Bando N, Tsuji H, Yamanishi R, Nio N, Ogawa T (1996) Identification of the glycosylation site of a major soybean allergen, Gly m Bd 30K Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60(2):347-8
• Bando N, Tsuji H, Hiemori M, Yoshizumi K, Yamanishi R, Kimoto M, Ogawa T. (1998) Quantitative analysis of Gly m Bd 28K in soybean products by a sandwich enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay  J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 44:655-64
• Bardare M, Magnolfi C, Zani G (1988) Soy sensitivity: personal observation on 71 children with food intoleranceAllerg Immunol Paris 20(2):63-6
• Barnett D, Howden ME (1987) Lectins and the radioallergosorbent test J Allergy Clin Immunol 80(4):558-61
• Barnett D, Bonham B, Howden ME (1987) Allergenic cross-reactions among legume foods--an in vitro studyJ Allergy Clin Immunol 79(3):433-8
• Baud F, Pebay-Peyroula E, Cohen-Addad C, Odani S, Lehmann MS (1993) Crystal structure of hydrophobic protein from soybean; a member of a new cysteine-rich family J Mol Biol 231(3):877-87
• Baur X, Pau M, Czuppon A, Fruhmann G (1996) Characterization of soybean allergens causing sensitization of occupationally exposed bakers Allergy 51(5):326-30
• Bernhisel-Broadbent J, Sampson HA (1989) Cross-allergenicity in the legume botanical family in children with food hypersensitivity J Allergy Clin Immunol 83(2 Pt 1):435-40
• Bernhisel-Broadbent J, Taylor S, Sampson HA (1989) Cross-allergenicity in the legume botanical family in children with food hypersensitivity. II. Laboratory correlates J Allergy Clin Immunol 84(5 Pt 1):701-9
• Bishop JM, Hill DJ, Hosking CS (1990) Natural history of cow milk allergy: clinical outcome J Pediatr 116(6):862-7 [comment J Pediatr 1991 118(4 Pt 1):655-6]
• Bjornsson E, Janson C, Plaschke P, Norrman E, Sjoberg O (1996) Prevalence of sensitization to food allergens in adult Swedes Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 77:327-32
• Bock SA, Atkins FM (1990) Patterns of food hypersensitivity during sixteen years of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges J Pediatr 117(4):561-7
• Bock SA, Lee WY, Remigio LK, May CD (1978) Studies of hypersensitivity reactions to foods in infants and children J Allergy Clin Immunol 62:327-34
• Bousquet  J, Björkstén B, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Huggett A, Ortolani C, Warner JO, Smith M (1998) Scientific criteria and the selection of allergenic foods for product labelling Allergy 53:3-21
• Brooks JR, Morr CV (1985) Current aspects of soy protein fractionation and nomenclature J Am Oil Chem Soc 62:1347
• Brown JR, Lerman N, Bohak Z (1966) The amino acid sequences around the disulfide bonds of soybean trypsin inhibitor Biochem Biophys Res Commun 23:561-5
• Bruno G, Cantani A, Ragno V, Milita O, Ziruolo G, Businco L (1995) Natural history of IgE antibodies in children at risk for atopy Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 74(5):431-6
• Bruno G, Giampietro PG, Del Guercio MJ, Gallia P, Giovannini L, Lovati C, Paolucci P, Quaglio L, Zoratto E, Businco L (1997) Soy allergy is not common in atopic children: a multicenter study Pediatr Allergy Immunol 8(4):190-3
• Buchman AL, Ament ME (1991) Comparative hypersensitivity in intravenous lipid emulsions JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 15(3):345-6
• Burks AW, Fuchs RL (1995) Assessment of the endogenous allergens in glyphosate- tolerant and commercial soybean varieties  J Allergy Clin Immunol 96:1008-10
• Burks AW Jr, Brooks JR, Sampson HA (1988) Allergenicity of major component proteins of soybean determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting in children with atopic dermatitis and positive soy challenges J Allergy Clin Immunol 81(6):1135-42
• Burks AW, Williams LW, Helm RM, Thresher W, Brooks JR, Sampson HA (1991) Identification of soy protein allergens in patients with atopic dermatitis and positive soy challenges; determination of change in allergenicity after heating or enzyme digestion Adv Exp Med Biol 289: 295-307
• Burks AW, Williams LW, Thresher W, Connaughton C, Cockrell G, Helm RM (1992) Allergenicity of peanut and soybean extracts altered by chemical or thermal denaturation in patients with atopic dermatitis and positive food challenges J Allergy Clin Immunol 90(6 Pt 1):889-97
• Burks AW, Casteel HB, Fiedorek SC, Williams LW, Pumphrey CL (1994a) Prospective oral food challenge study of two soybean protein isolates in patients with possible milk or soy protein enterocolitis Pediatr Allergy Immunol 5(1):40-5
• Burks AW, Cockrell G, Connaughton C, Guin J, Allen W, Helm RM (1994b) Identification of peanut agglutinin and soybean trypsin inhibitor as minor legume allergens Int Arch Allergy Immunol 105(2):143-9
• Burks AW, James JM, Hiegel A, Wilson G, Wheeler JG, Jones SM, Zuerlein N (1998) Atopic dermatitis and food hypersensitivity reactions J Pediatr 132(1):132-6
• Bush RK, Cohen M (1977) Immediate and late onset asthma from occupational exposure to soybean dust Clin Allergy 7:309-372
• Bush RK, Taylor SL, Nordlee JA, Busse WW (1985) Soybean oil is not allergenic to soybean-sensitive individuals J Allergy Clin Immunol 76(2 Pt 1):242-5
• Bush RK, Schroeckenstein D, Meier-Davis S, Balmes J, Rempel D (1988) Soybean flour asthma: detection of allergens by immunoblotting J Allergy Clin Immunol 82(2):251-5
• Businco L, Marchetti F, Pellegrini G, Perlini R (1983) Predictive value of cord blood IgE levels in 'at-risk' newborn babies and influence of type of feeding Clin Allergy 13(6):503-8
• Cantani A, Lucenti P (1997) Natural history of soy allergy and/or intolerance in children, and clinical use of soy-protein formulas Pediatr Allergy Immunol 8(2):59-74
• Chandra RK, Hamed A (1991) Cumulative incidence of atopic disorders in high risk infants fed whey hydrolysate, soy, and conventional cow milk formulas Ann Allergy 67(2 Pt 1):129-32
• Chandra RK, Puri S, Hamed A (1989a) Influence of maternal diet during lactation and use of formula feeds on development of atopic eczema in high risk infants BMJ 299(6693): 228-30 [erratum in BMJ 299(6704):896]
• Chandra RK, Singh G, Shridhara B (1989b) Effect of feeding whey hydrolysate, soy and conventional cow milk formulas on incidence of atopic disease in high risk infants Ann Allergy 63(2):102-6
• Chandra RK (1997) Five-year follow-up of high-risk infants with family history of allergy who were exclusively breast-fed or fed partial whey hydrolysate, soy, and conventional cow's milk formulas J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 24(4):380-8
• Chen ZL, Naito S, Nakamura I, Beachy RN (1989) Regulated expression of genes encoding soybean beta-conglycinins in transgenic plants Dev Genet 10(2):112-22 [erratum in Dev Genet 10(4):345]
• Cho T-J, Nielsen NC (1989) The glycinin Gy3 gene from soybean Nucleic Acids Res 17:4388
• Codex Alimentarius Commission (1999) Food labelling - complete texts Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, FAO/WHO, Rome
• Codina RM, Calderon E, Lockey RF, Fernandez-Caldas E, Rama R (1997a) Specific immunoglobulins to soybean hull allergens in soybean asthma Chest 111(1):75-80
• Codina R, Lockey RF, Fernandez-Caldas E, Rama R (1997b) Purification and characterization of a soybean hull allergen responsible for the Barcelona asthma outbreaks. II. Purification and sequencing of the Gly m 2 allergen Clin Exp Allergy 27(4):424-30
• Codina R, Oehling Jr AG, Lockey RF (1998) Neoallergens in heated soybean hull Int Arch Allergy Immunol 117(2):120-5
• Codina R, Lockey RF, Fernández-Caldas E, Rama R (1999) Identification of the Soybean Hull Allergens Responsible for the Barcelona Asthma Outbreaks Int Arch Allergy Immunol 119:69-71
• Crowell DN (1994) Cytokinin regulation of a soybean pollen allergen gene Plant Mol Biol 25(5):829-35
• Djurtoft R, Pedersen HS, Aabin B, Barkholt V (1991) Studies of food allergens: soybean and egg proteins Adv Exp Med Biol 289:281-93
• Donzelli F, Da-Dalt L, Schiavon A, Baraldi E, Muraro MA (1990) Clinical experience with a hydrolyzed soy formula in infants with protracted enteritis and atopic eczema Pediatr Med Chir 12(1):71-9 (in Italian)
• Doyle JJ, Schuler MA, Godette WD, Zenger V, Beachy RN, Slightom JL (1986) The glycosylated seed storage proteins of Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris. Structural homologies of genes and proteins J Biol Chem 261:9228-38
• Eigenmann PA, Sampson HA (1998) Interpreting skin prick tests in the evaluation of food allergy in children Pediatr Allergy Immunol 9(4):186-91
• Eigenmann PA, Burks AW, Bannon GA, Sampson HA (1996) Identification of unique peanut and soy allergens in sera adsorbed with cross-reacting antibodies J Allergy Clin Immunol 98(5 Pt 1):969-78
• Etesamifar M, Wüthrich B (1998) IgE- mediated food allergies including oral allergy syndrome in 383 patientsAllergologie 21:451-7 (in German)
• European Commission (1998) Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation. The occurrence of severe food allergies in the EU European Commission, Directorate-General III, Brussels
• Foucard T, Edberg U, Malmheden-Yman I (1997) Fatal and severe food hypersensitivity. Peanut and soya underestimated allergens Lakartidningen 94(30-31):2635-8
• Foucard T, Malmheden Yman I (1999) A study on severe food reactions in Sweden - is soy protein an underestimated cause of food anaphylaxis ? Allergy 54:261-5
• Fouques D, Ralet MC, Molle D, Leonil J, Meunier JC (1998) Enzymatic phosphorylation of soy globulins by the protein kinase CK2. Determination of the phosphorylation sites of beta-conglycinin alpha subunit by mass spectrometry Nahrung 42(3-4):148-50
• Freier S, Lebenthal E, Freier M, Shah PC, Park BH, Lee PC (1983) IgE and IgD antibodies to cow milk and soy protein in duodenal fluid: effects of pancreozymin and secretin Immunology 49(1):69-75
• Fries JH (1971) Studies on the allergenicity of soy bean Ann Allergy 29(1):1-7
• Fukazawa C, Momma T, Hirano H, Harada K, Udaka K (1985) Glycinin A3B4 mRNA. Cloning and sequencing of double-stranded cDNA complementary to a soybean storage protein J Biol Chem 260(10):6234-9
• Fukazawa C, Udaka K, Murayama A, Higuchi W, Totsuka A (1987) Expression of soybean glycinin subunit precursor cDNAs in Escherichia coli FEBS Lett 224(1):125-7
• Garcia-Ortega P, Rovira E, Bartolome B, Martinez A, Mora E, Richart C (1998) Outbreak of asthma caused by soybean dust allergy. Clinical and immunologic study of the affected patients Med Clin Barc 110(19):731-5 (in spanish)
• Giampietro PG, Ragno V, Daniele S, Cantani A, Ferrara M, Businco L (1992) Soy hypersensitivity in children with food allergy Ann Allergy 69(2):143-6
• Gidamis AB, Mikami B, Katsube T, Utsumi S, Kito M (1994) Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of soybean proglycinins modified by protein engineering Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58(4):703-6

Gijzen M, Miller SS, Kuflu K, Buzzell RI, Miki BL (1999) Hydrophobic protein synthesized in the pod endocarp adheres to the seed surface Plant Physiol 120:951-9
• Gonzalez R, Zapatero L, Caravaca F, Carreira J (1991) Identification of soybean proteins responsible for respiratory allergies Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 95(1):53-7
• Gonzalez R, Polo F, Zapatero L, Caravaca F, Carreira J (1992) Purification and characterization of major inhalant allergens from soybean hulls Clin Exp Allergy 22(8):748-55
• Gonzalez R, Varela J, Carreira J, Polo F (1995) Soybean hydrophobic protein and soybean hull allergyLancet 346:48-49
• Gortler I, Urbanek R (1990) Antigenicity and allergenicity of hypoallergenic hydrolysate for infant nutrition Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 138(9):605-10 (in German)
• Gruskay FL (1982) Comparison of breast, cow, and soy feedings in the prevention of onset of allergic disease: a 15-year prospective study Clin Pediatr Phila 21(8):486-91
• Gryboski JD, Kocoshis S (1980) Immunoglobulin deficiency in gastrointestinal allergies J Clin Gastroenterol 2(1):71-6
• Hannuksela M (1987) Diagnosis of dermatologic food allergy Ann Allergy 59:153-156
• Hagner S, Kalveram K-J, Beyer A, Gall H (1998) Pollen-associated legume food allergy Allergo J 7:77-81 (in German)
• Harada JJ, Barker SJ, Goldberg RB (1989) Soybean beta-conglycinin genes are clustered in several DNA regions and are regulated by transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes Plant Cell 1:415-425
• Harikul S, Haruehasavasin Y, Varavithya W, Chaicumpa W (1995) Cow milk protein allergy during the first year of life: a 12 year experience at the children's hospital, Bangkok Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 13(2):107-11
• Hattevig G, Kjellman B, Johansson SG, Bjorksten B (1984) Clinical symptoms and IgE responses to common food proteins in atopic and healthy children Clin Allergy 14(6):551-9
• Harrison LA, Bailey MR,  Naylor MW, Ream JE, Hammond BG, Nida DL, Burnette BL, Nickson TE, Mitsky TA, Taylor ML (1996) The expressed protein in glyphosate-tolerant soybean, 5- enolypyruvylshikimate- 3-phosphate synthase from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, is rapidly digested in vitro and is not toxic to acutely gavaged mice J Nutrition 126(3):728-740
• Hayashi M, Harada K, Fujiwara T, Kitamura K (1998) Characterization of a 7S globulin-deficient mutant of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Mol Gen Genet 258(3):208-14
• Helm RM, Cockrell G, Herman E, Burks AW, Sampson HA, Bannon GA (1998) Cellular and molecular characterization of a major soybean allergen Int Arch Allergy Immunol 117:29-37
• Helm RM, Cockrell G, Connaughton C, West CM, Herman E, Sampson HA, Bannon GA, Burks AW (2000) Mutational analysis of the IgE-binding epitopes of P34/Gly m Bd 30K J Allergy Clin Immunol 105:378-84
• Herian AM, Taylor SL, Bush RK (1990) Identification of soybean allergens by immunoblotting with sera from soy-allergic adultsInt Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 92(2):193-8
• Herian AM, Bush RK, Taylor SL (1992) Protein and allergen content of commercial skin test extracts for soybean Clin Exp Allergy 22(4):461-8
• Herian AM, Taylor SL, Bush RK (1993) Allergenic reactivity of various soybean products as determined by RAST inhibition J Food Science 58:385-8
• Hill DJ, Cameron DJ, Francis DE, Gonzalez-Andaya AM, Hosking CS (1995) Challenge confirmation of late-onset reactions to extensively hydrolyzed formulas in infants with multiple food protein intolerance J Allergy Clin Immunol 96(3):386-94
• Hirai MY, Fujiwara T, Chino M, Naito S (1995) Effects of sulfate concentrations on the expression of a soybean seed storage protein gene and its reversibility in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Cell Physiol 36(7):1331-9
• Hofman T (1994) Specific IgE antibodies for nuts in infants Pol Tyg Lek 49:328-9 (in Polish)
• Ikeda I, Ogawa T, Ono T (2000) Tofu-induced urticarial contact dermatitis Arch Dermatol 136:127-8
• Iwasaki E, Yamaura M, Masuda K, Miyabayashi Y, Yamaguchi K, Zaitsu M, Fujimaki K, Baba M (1994) Diagnostic value of glass microfibre-based basophil histamine release test in food allergic children. Comparison with specific IgE antibody and skin scratch testArerugi 43(5):609-18 (in Japanese)
• Jakobsson I, Lindberg T (1979) A prospective study of cow's milk protein intolerance in swedish infantsActa Paediatr Scand 68:853-9
• Ji C, Boyd C, Slaymaker D, Okinaka Y, Takeuchi Y, Midland SL, Sims JJ, Herman E, Keen N (1998) Characterization of a 34-kDa soybean binding protein for the syringolide elicitors Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(6):3306-11
• Jofuku KD, Goldberg RB (1989) Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes are differentially expressed during the soybean life cycle and in transformed tobacco plants Plant Cell 1(11):1079-93
• Jofuku KD, Schipper RD, Goldberg RB (1989) A frameshift mutation prevents Kunitz trypsin inhibitor mRNA accumulation in soybean embryos Plant Cell 1(4):427-35
• Kalinski A, Weisemann JM, Matthews BF, Herman EM (1990) Molecular cloning of a protein associated with soybean seed oil bodies that is similar to thiol proteases of the papain family J Biol Chem 265:13843-13848
• Kalinski A, Melroy DL, Dwivedi RS, Herman EM (1992) A soybean vacuolar protein (P34) related to thiol proteases is synthesized as a glycoprotein precursor during seed maturation J Biol Chem 267:12068-12076
• Katsube T, Kang IJ, Takenaka Y, Adachi M, Maruyama N, Morisaki T, Utsumi S (1998) N-glycosylation does not affect assembly and targeting of proglycinin in yeast Biochim Biophys Acta 1379(1):107-17
• Kim SH, Hara S, Hase S, Ikenaka T, Toda H, Kitamura K, Kaizuma N (1985) Comparative study on amino acid sequences of Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitors, Tia, Tib, and Tic J Biochem (Tokyo) 98(2):435-48
• Kim CS, Kamiya S, Sato T, Utsumi S, Kito M (1990) Improvement of nutritional value and functional properties of soybean glycinin by protein engineering Protein Eng 3(8):725-31
• Kongpanichkul A, Vichyanond P, Tuchinda M (1997) Allergen skin test reactivities among asthmatic Thai children J Med Assoc Thai 80(2):69-75
• Larsen JN, Lowenstein H (1998) Official list of allergens: IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Subcommittee ftp://biobase.dk / pub / who-iuis / allergen.list
• Lavaud F, Perdu D, Prevost A, Vallerand H, Cossart C, Passemard F (1994) Baker's asthma related to soybean lecithin exposure Allergy 49(3):159-62
• Lehrer SB, Reese G (1997) Recombinant proteins in newly developed foods: identification of allergenic activity Int Arch Allergy Immunol 113(1-3):122-4
• Lehrer SB, Reese G, Malo JL, Lahoud C, Leong-Kee S, Goldberg B, Carle T, Ebisawa M (1999) Corn Allergens: IgE Antibody  Reactivity and Cross-Reactivity with Rice, Soy, and Peanut Int Arch Allergy Immunol 118:298-9
• Lei MG, Reeck GR (1987) Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the proteins of isolated soybean protein bodies and of glycosylation of soybean proteins J Agric Food Chem 35:296-300
• Lelievre JM, Dickinson CD, Dickinson LA, Nielsen NC (1992) Synthesis and assembly of soybean beta-conglycinin in vitro Plant Mol Biol 18(2):259-74
• Lessof MH, Wraith DG, Merrett TG, Merrett J, Buisseret PD (1980) Food allergy and intolerance in 100 patients - local and systemic effects Q J Med 49(195):259-71
• Liappis N, Starke A (1999) In vitro allergy screening in serum of children. Distribution of specific IgE antibodies in SX1 and fx5 positive sera Allergologie 22:388-91
• Machida HM, Catto-Smith AG, Gall DG, Trevenen C, Scott RB (1994) Allergic colitis in infancy: clinical and pathologic aspects J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 19(1):22-6
• Magnolfi CF, Zani G, Lacava L, Patria MF, Bardare M (1996) Soy allergy in atopic children Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 77(3):197-201
• Malmheden Yman I, Eriksson A, Everitt G, Yman L, Karlsson T (1994) Analysis of food proteins for verification of contamination or mislabelling Food Agric Immunol 6:167-72
• Marano E, Novembre E, Bernardini R, Dini L, Veneruso G, Vierucci A (1989) Importance of a particular formula of soybean milk without S2 globulin, in the treatment of allergy to cow's milk proteins Minerva Pediatr 41(8):425-9 (in Italian)
• Maria Y, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Pham QT, Teculescu D, Bouchy O, Chau N, Lamaze C, Adrian E, Tagu P (1991) Skin sensitivity to respiratory allergens in agricultural workers and wage-earners Rev Mal Respir 8(5):463-71 (in french)
• Maruyama N, Katsube T, Wada Y, Oh MH, Barba De La Rosa AP, Okuda E, Nakagawa S, Utsumi S (1998) The roles of the N-linked glycans and extension regions of soybean beta-conglycinin in folding, assembly and structural features Eur J Biochem 258(2):854-62
• Merritt RJ, Carter M, Haight M, Eisenberg LD (1990) Whey protein hydrolysate formula for infants with gastrointestinal intolerance to cow milk and soy protein in infant formulas J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 11(1):78-82 [comments J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1991 13(3):315-6]
• Mistereck A, Lange CE, Sennekamp J (1992) Soja - a frequent food allergen Allergologie 15:304-5 (in German)
• Momma T, Negoro T, Hirano H, Matsumoto A, Udaka K, Fukazawa C (1985) Glycinin A5A4B3 mRNA: cDNA cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a splitting storage protein subunit of soybean Eur J Biochem 149:491-6
• Morell F, Codina R, Rodrigo M-J (1999) Increased positivity of skin test and allergenic stability of glycerinated soybean hull extracts Clin Exp Allergy 29:388-93
• Moroz LA, Yang WH (1980) Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor. A specific allergen in food anaphylaxis New Engl J Med 302:1126-1128
• Müller U, Weber W, Hoffmann A, Franke S, Lange R, Vieths S (1998) Commercial soybean lecithins: a source of hidden allergens ? Z Lebensm Unters Forsch A 207:341-351
• Navarro C, Marquez M, Hernando L, Galvan F, Zapatero L, Caravaca F (1993) Epidemic asthma in Cartagena, Spain, and its association with soybean sensitivity Epidemiology 4(1): 76-9
• Nielsen NC, Dickinson CD, Cho TJ, Thanh VH, Scallon BJ, Fischer RL, Sims TL, Drews GN, Goldberg RB (1989) Characterization of the glycinin gene family in soybean Plant Cell 1(3):313-28
• Niggemann B, Sielaff B, Beyer K, Binder C, Wahn U (1999) Outcome of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge tests in 107 children with atopic dermatitis Clin Exp Allergy 29(1):91-96
• Nordlee JA, Taylor SL, Townsend JA, Thomas LA, Bush RK (1996) Identification of a Brazil-nut allergen in transgenic soybeans N Engl J Med 334(11):688-92
• Odani S, Koide T, Ono T, Seto Y, Tanaka T (1987) Soybean hydrophobic protein. Isolation, partial characterization and the complete primary structure Eur J Biochem 162:485-491
• Ogawa T, Bando N, Tsuji H, Okajima H, Nishikawa K, Sasaoka K (1991) Investigation of the IgE-binding proteins in soybeans by immunoblotting with the sera of the soybean-sensitive patients with atopic dermatitis J Nutr Sci Vitaminol Tokyo 37(6):555-65
• Ogawa T, Bando N, Tsuji H, Nishikawa K, Kitamura K (1993) Identification of the soybean allergenic protein, Gly m Bd 30K, with the soybean seed 34-kDa oil-body-associated protein Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57(6):1030-3
• Ogawa T, Tsuji H, Bando N, Kitamura K, Zhu YL, Hirano H, Nishikawa K (1995) alpha-Subunit of beta-conglycinin, an allergenic protein recognised by IgE antibodies of soybean-sensitive patients with atopic dermatitis Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59(5):831-833
• Ogle KA, Bullock JD (1980) Children with allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma treated with eliminationdiet: a five-year follow-up Ann Allergy 44:273-8
• Oranje AP, Aarsen RS, Mulder PG, van Toorenenbergen AW, Liefaard G, Dieges PH (1992) Food immediate-contact hypersensitivity (FICH) and elimination diet in young children with atopic dermatitis. Preliminary results in 107 children Acta Derm Venereol Suppl Stockh 176:41-4
• Ozawa K, Laskowski Jr M (1966) The reactive site of trypsin inhibitors J Biol Chem 241:3955-61
• Palm M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, Denery-Papini S, Fremont S (1999) Food allergy to egg and soy lecithins Allergy 54:1116-7
• Patane R, Bottaro G, Meli C, Failla P, Cagnina M, Torrisi G, Castiglione N, Pennisi P (1992) Megaloblastic anemia: a unusual complication in an infant with double allergy to both cow's milk protein and soy Pediatr Med Chir 14(1):87-91 (in Italian)
• Pedersen HS, Djurthoft R (1989) Antigenic and allergenic properties of acidic and basic peptide chains from glycinin Food Agric Immunol 1:101-109
• Perez MD, Mills ENC, Lambert N, Johnson IT, Morgan MRA (2000) The use of anti-soya globulin antisera in investigating soya digestion in vivo J Sci Food Agric 80:513-21
• Perkkio M, Savilahti E, Kuitunen P (1981) Morphometric and immunohistochemical study of jejunal biopsies from children with intestinal soy allergy Eur J Pediatr 137(1):63-9
• Pumphrey RS, Stanworth SJ (1996) The clinical spectrum of anaphylaxis in north-west England Clin Exp Allergy 26:1364-70
• Rance F, Kanny G, Dutau G, Moneret-Vautrin DA (1999) Food hypersensitivity in children: Clinical aspects and distribution of allergens Pediatr Allergy Immunol 10:33-8
• Räsänen L, Kuusisto P, Penttila M, Nieminen M, Savolainen J, Lehto M (1994) Comparison of immunologic tests in the diagnosis of occupational asthma and rhinitis Allergy 49(5):342-7
• Ree van R, Hoffman DR, van Dijk W, Brodard V, Mahieu K, Koeleman CA, Grande M, van Leeuwen WA,

Aalberse RC (1995) Lol p XI, a new major grass pollen allergen, is a member of a family of soybean trypsin inhibitor-related proteins J Allergy Clin Immunol 95(5 Pt 1):970-8
• Richards DG, Somers S, Issenman RM, Stevenson GW (1988) Cow's milk protein/soy protein allergy: gastrointestinal imaging Radiology 167(3):721-3
• Rihs HP, Chen Z, Rueff F, Petersen A, Royznek R, Heimann H, Baur X (1999) IgE binding of the recombinant allergen soybean profilin (rGly m 3) is mediated by conformational epitopes J Allergy Clin Immunol 1293-301
• Rodrigo MJ, Morell F, Helm RM, Swanson M, Greife A, Anto JM, Sunyer J, Reed CE (1990) Identification and partial characterization of the soybean-dust allergens involved in the Barcelona asthma epidemic J Allergy Clin Immunol 85(4):778-84
• Roodt L, Rees D (1995) Tests for sensitisation in occupational medicine practice--the soy bean example S Afr Med J 85(6):522-5
• Samoto M, Akasaka T, Mori H, Manabe M, Ookura T, Kawamura Y (1994) Simple and efficient procedure for removing the 34 kDa allergenic soybean protein, Gly m I, from defatted soy milkBiosci Biotechnol Biochem 58(11):2123-5
• Samoto M, Miyazaki C, Akasaka T, Mori H, Kawamura Y (1996a) Specific binding of allergenic soybean protein Gly m Bd 30K with alpha'- and alpha-subunits of conglycinin in soy milk Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60(6):1006-10
• Samoto M, Takahashi K, Fukuda Y, Nakamura S, Kawamura Y (1996b) Substantially complete removal of the 34kDa allergenic soybean protein, Gly m Bd 30 K, from soy milk of a mutant lacking the alpha- and alpha'-subunits of conglycinin Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60(11):1911-3
• Samoto M, Fukuda Y, Takahashi K, Tabuchi K, Hiemori M, Tsuji H, Ogawa T, Kawamura Y (1997) Substantially complete removal of three major allergenic soybean proteins (Gly m Bd 30K, Gly m Bd 28K, and the alpha-subunit of conglycinin) from soy protein by using a mutant soybean, Tohoku 124 Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61(12):2148-50
• Sampson HA, McCaskill CC (1985) Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: evaluation of 113 patientsJ Pediatr 107:669-75
• Sampson HA, Scanlon SM (1989) Natural history of food hypersensitivity in children with atopic dermatitis J Pediatr 115(1):23-7
• Sampson HA, Ho DG (1997) Relationship between food-specific IgE concentrations and the risk of positive food challenges in children and adolescents J Allergy Clin Immunol 100(4):444-51
• Sandiford CP, Tee RD, Newman-Taylor AJ (1995) Identification of crossreacting wheat, rye, barley and soya flour allergens using sera from individuals with wheat-induced asthma Clin Exp Allergy 25(4):340-9
• Savilahti E, Launiala K, Kuitunen P (1983) Congenital lactase deficiency. A clinical study on 16 patients Arch Dis Child 58(4):246-52
• Schuler MA, Schmitt ES, Beachy RN (1982) Closely related families of genes code for the alpha and alpha' subunits of the soybean 7S storage protein complex Nucleic Acids Res 10(24):8225-44
• Sebastiani FL, Farrell LB, Schuler MA, Beachy RN (1990) Complete sequence of a cDNA of alpha subunit of soybean beta-conglycinin Plant Mol Biol 15:197-201
• Senne GE, Crivellaro M, Bonadonna P, Dama A, Mezzelani P, Passalacqua G (1998) Pizza; an unsuspected source of soybean allergen exposure Allergy 53(11):1106-1107
• Shattuck-Eidens DN, Beachy RN (1985) Degradation of beta-conglycinin in early stages of soybean embryogenesis Plant Physiol 78:895
• Shibasaki M, Suzuki S, Tajima S, Nemoto H, Kuruome T (1980) Allergenicity of major component proteins of soybean Int Arch Appl Immunol 61:441-448
• Sicherer SH, Eigenmann PA, Sampson HA (1998) Clinical features of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndromeJ Pediatr 133(2):214-9
• Sicherer SH, Morrow EH, Sampson HA (2000) Dose- response in double- blind, placebo- controlled oral food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis J Allergy Clin Immunol 105:582-6
• Smith TA, Smith PW (1998) Respiratory symptoms and sensitization in bread and cake bakers Occup Med Oxf 48:321-8
• Song HK, Suh SW (1998) Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitor revisited: refined structure of its complex with porcine trypsin reveals an insight into the interaction between a homologous inhibitor from Erythrina caffra and tissue-type plasminogen activator J Mol Biol 275:347-63
• Staswick PE, Hermodson MA, Nielsen NC (1981) Identification of the acidic and basic subunit complexes of glycinin J Biol Chem 256(16):8752-5
• Staswick PE, Hermodson MA, Nielsen NC (1984a) The amino acid sequence of the A2B1a subunit of glycininJ Biol Chem 259:13424-30
• Staswick PE, Hermodson MA, Nielsen NC (1984b) Identification of the cystines which link the acidic and basic components of the glycinin subunits J Biol Chem 259:13431-35
• Steinman HA, Potter PC (1994) The precipitation of symptoms by common foods in children with atopic dermatitis Allergy Proc 15:203-10
• Steurich F, Feyerabend R (2000) Food- dependent exercise- induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) Allergologie 23:19-28 (in German)
• Stricker WE, Anorve-Lopez E, Reed CE (1986) Food skin testing in patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis J Allergy Clin Immunol 77(3):516-9
• Swanson MC, Li JT, Wentz-Murtha PE, Trudeau WL, Fernandez-Caldas E, Greife A, Rodrigo MA, Morell F, Reed CE (1991) Source of the aeroallergen of soybean dust: a low molecular mass glycopeptide from the soybean tela J Allergy Clin Immunol 87(4):783-8
• Sweet RM, Wright HT, Janin J, Chothia CH, Blow DM (1974) Crystal structure of the complex of porcine trypsin with soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) at 2.6-A resolution Biochemistry 13:4212-28
• Synek M, Anto JM, Beasley R, Frew AJ, Holloway L, Lampe FC, Lloreta JL, Sunyer J, Thornton A, Holgate ST (1996) Immunopathology of fatal soybean dust-induced asthma Eur Respir J 9(1):54-7
• Takahashi K,  Yumoto S, Nakamura S, Mizuno Y, Kitamura K (1996) Inheritance of the alpa- subunit deficiency of beta- conglycinin in soybean (Glycine max L.MERRILL) line induced by gamma- ray irradiation  Breeding Sci 46(3):251-5
• Takano T, Tao L, Noguchi I, Kitamura K (1995) Cloning of the genes for an allergenic protein in soybeanReport Soy Prot Res Committee 16:58-61
• Thanh VH, Shibasaki K (1977) Beta-conglycinin from soybean proteins. Isolation and immunological and physicochemical properties of the monomeric forms Biochim Biophys Acta 490(2):370-84
• Tsuji H, Okada N, Yamanishi R, Bando N, Kimoto M, Ogawa T (1995) Measurement of Gly m Bd 30K, a major soybean allergen, in soybean products by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59(1):150-1
• Tsuji H, Bando N, Hiemori M, Yamanishi R, Kimoto M, Nishikawa K, Ogawa T (1997) Purification of characterization of soybean allergen Gly m Bd 28K Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61(6):942-7
• Utsumi S, Gidamis AB, Takenaka Y, Maruyama N, Adachi M, Mikami B (1996) Crystallization and X-ray analysis of normal and modified recombinant soybean proglycinins  in Macromolecular Interaction in Food Technology, ACS Symposium Series 650:257-70
• Vidal C, Perez-Carral C, Chomon B (1997) Unsuspected sources of soybean exposure Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 79(4):350-2
• Vieths S, Zagon J, Fischer K, Dehne LI, Bögl KW (1995) Verarbeitungsbedingte Einflüsse auf das allergene Potential von Lebensmitteln. Die Sojaallergie als Modellbeispiel Lebensmittelchemie 49:29-31 (in German)
• Virchow C (1965) On soy bean allergy Allerg Asthma Leipz 11(1):57-62 (in German)
• Weidmann B, Lepique C, Heider A, Schmitz A, Niederle N (1997) Hypersensitivity reactions to parenteral lipid solutions Support Care Cancer 5(6):504-5
• Whitington PF, Gibson R (1977) Soyprotein intolerance: four patients with concomitant cow's milk intolerancePediatrics 59(5):730-2
• Wilson NW, Hamburger RN (1988) Allergy to cow's milk in the first year of life and its prevention Ann Allergy 61(5):323-7
• Wüthrich B (1993) Nahrungsmittelallergie Allergologie16:280-7 (in German)
• Yamanishi R, Tsuji H, Bando N, Yamada Y, Nadaoka Y, Huang T, Nishikawa K, Emoto S, Ogawa T (1996) Reduction of the allergenicity of soybean by treatment with proteases J Nutr Sci Vitaminol Tokyo 42(6):581-7
• Yokota S, Takahashi Y, Aihara Y, Kurihara K, Suguro H, Matsuyama S (1996) Immunologic analysis of milk, hen egg, and soybean proteins in butter and margarine, and clinical assessment for availability of hypoallergenic margarine (HAM) Arerugi 45(12):1237-43 (in Japanese)
• Yunginger JW, Nelson DR, Squillace DL, Jones RT, Holley KE, Hyma BA, Biedrzycki L, Sweeney KG, Sturner WQ, Schwartz LB (1991) Laboratory investigation of deaths due to anaphylaxis J Forensic Sci 36:857-65
• Zeece MG, Beardslee TA, Markwell JP, Sarath G (1999) Identification of an IgE-binding Region in Soybean Acidic Glycinin G1 Food Agric Immunol 11:83-90
• Zeiger RS, Sampson HA, Bock SA, Burks AW Jr, Harden K, Noone S, Martin D, Leung S, Wilson G (1999) Soy allergy in infants and children with IgE-associated cow’s milk allergy J Pediatr 134:614-22
• Zuskin E, Kanceljak B, Schachter EN, Witek TJ, Maayani S, Goswami S, Marom Z, Rienzi N (1992) Immunological and respiratory changes in animal food processing workers Am J Ind Med 21(2):177-91